These and other sources such as A.T. Bryant gives us a more Zulu-centred picture. Many places known today in KwaZulu-Natal were named according to Shaka's first interactions with them, for example he found the water of Amanzimtoti sweet or tasty, he survived an assassination attack at the place now known as KwaDukuza (dukuza is isiZulu for . In 1826, under Zwide's successor, Sikhunyane, they again fought the Zulu, but were totally routed. A group of warriors who held on to their assegais instead of hurling them, and who moved right up to the enemy behind the shelter of a barrier of shields would have its opponents at its mercy and would be able to accomplish complete victory. Diamonds, Gold, and War is a tale of high adventure, high fi nance, and high politics that also shows the massive impact of white expansion on indigenous African societies. Shaka Zulu is an actor, known for Hunter (2016). By the time the first white traders arrived at Port Natal in 1824, Shaka was in control of a centralized monarchy, which spanned the entire eastern coastal belt from the Pongola River in the north to the lands beyond the Tugela in the south. Zulu's Goal. The initial Zulu maneuvers were primarily defensive, as Shaka preferred to apply pressure diplomatically, with an occasional strategic assassination. That so much youth was concentrated at the royal barracks resulted in a massive transfer of economic potential to a centralized state. The military indunas or captains, as trusted favourites of the king, received many cattle from him and were able to build up large personal followings. H. Rider Haggard learned about Shaka's methods from his great nephew and late 19th-century Zulu king, Cetshwayo kaMpande: As [Shaka] conquered a tribe, he enrolled its remnants in his army, so that they might in their turn help to conquer others. It is the proud Heritage of all Africa, and of all people of African descent in the entire world. [18] Shaka drilled his troops frequently, in forced marches that sometimes covered more than 80 kilometres (50 mi) a day in a fast trot over hot, rocky terrain. The empire covered the northeastern part of what is now the province of KwaZulu-Natal . Age-grade groupings of various sorts were common in the Bantu culture of the day, and indeed are still important in much of Africa. Shaka Zulu. Such was Shaka's military innovation and technical abilities that he was able to bring several tens of tribes in the region under his rule. This 1913 work by an expert on Zulu customs and history describes the 1906 revolt in Natal against British rule. His outstanding deeds of courage attracted the attention of his overlord and, rising rapidly in Dingiswayo's army, he became one of his foremost commanders. Born to be King Shaka Zulu was born to an insignificant king of an insignificant clan, the Zulu. Shaka was the famous king of the Zulu Empire (i.e. The British were invading Africa using excessive force. Shaka Zulu in __ years set up the World's greatest empires. Found insideHiroshima is the story of six people--a clerk, a widowed seamstress, a physician, a Methodist minister, a young surgeon, and a German Catholic priest--who lived through the greatest single manmade disaster in history. The name 'Shaka Zulu' was created by white settlers. Oral sources record that in this period of devastation, a singular Zulu, a man named Gala, eventually stood up to Shaka and objected to these measures, pointing out that Nandi was not the first person to die in Zululand. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "NEW STATESMAN & SOCIETY "The 'Great Men' theory of history has been out of favour for many years now but, as Stephen Taylor's enthralling book shows, it has to be dusted down again if South Africa is to be properly considered."SCOTSMAN Found inside – Page 1In Eight Zulu Kings, well-respected and widely published historian John Laband examines the reigns of the eight Zulu kings from 1816 to the present. The praise song is one of the most widely used poetic forms in Africa, applying not only to spirits but to men, animals, plants and even towns.[47]. Shaka chose a particularly gruesome revenge on her, locking her in a house and placing jackals or hyenas inside: they devoured her and, in the morning, Shaka burned the house to the ground. The rise of the Zulu kingdom under Shaka. Shaka kaSenzangakhona, known as Shaka Zulu in the West, was the ruler of the Zulu Kingdom of present-day Africa, who lived from about 1787-1828. Zwide's general Soshangane (of the Shangaan) moved north towards what is now Mozambique to inflict further damage on less resistant foes and take advantage of slaving opportunities, obliging Portuguese traders to give tribute. The acclaimed Dictionary of African Historical Biography, the only single-volume biographical work on Sub-Saharan African history, has been expanded and updated to include entries on over eight hundred people important in Sub-Saharan ... Information about Shaka's early years is gleaned entirely from oral sources. DVD, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay, "History of Shaka (Tshaka), King of the Zulu", "The Zulu are coming to Civilization 6 in the Rise and Fall expansion", "Notices of the Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. The initial problem Dingane faced was maintaining the loyalty of the Zulu fighting regiments, or amabutho. He was known to be a fearless and aggressive man. Shaka was the son of Senzangakona, chieftain of the Zulu, and Nandi, an orphaned princess of the neighbouring Langeni clan. In 1817 Dingiswayo—still Shaka’s overlord—was murdered, and the last restraint on Zulu expansion was removed. 5. Instead of hypothesizing that they all chose to imitate Shaka, it is easier to imagine that he modeled his state on theirs. His households were thus not dominated by wives but by stern senior women of the royal family. In 1802 the Langeni drove Nandi out, and she finally found shelter with the Dletsheni, a subclan of the powerful Mthethwa. [41] Other scholars acknowledge distortion of the historical record by apartheid supporters and shady European traders seeking to cover their tracks, but dispute the revisionist approach, noting that stories of cannibalism, raiding, burning of villages, or mass slaughter were not developed out of thin air but based on the clearly documented accounts of hundreds of black victims and refugees. Malcolm in 1950. Their effects were felt even far north of the Zambezi River. He was able to mastermind the tactics that resulted in the biggest defeat of the British Army ever in a single skirmish. He was one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu, responsible for re-organizing the military into a formidable force via a series of wide-reaching and influential reforms. Re-examines the evidence of what is known, or said to be known, about the life of the Zulu leader Shaka. At some point, Zwide barely escaped Shaka, though the exact details are not known. It is probable that, over time, the Zulu were able to hone and improve their encirclement tactics. [citation needed], Shaka was able to form an alliance with the leaderless Mthethwa clan and was able to establish himself amongst the Qwabe, after Phakathwayo was overthrown with relative ease. Their major victory at the Battle of Isandlwana was the most prominent one, but they also forced back a British column at the Battle of Hlobane, by deploying fast-moving regiments over a wide area of rugged ravines and gullies, and attacking the British who were forced into a rapid disorderly fighting retreat, back to the town of Kambula.[24]. Soga implied as much when he used genealogical evidence to argue that the Zulu were an upstart group inferior in dignity and distinction to established chiefdoms in their region, for example, the Hlubi, Ndwandwe, and Dlamini lines. I don't idolize Shaka Zulu. He was responsible for protecting them from wild animals. Shaka's Rise to Power. His role in the Mfecane/Difaqane is highly controversial. One visitor, Nathaniel Isaacs, wrote to Henry Fynn, a white adventurer, trader and quasi-local chieftain: Fynn, according to Wylie, complied with the request, and Wylie notes that he had an additional motive to distort Shaka's image— he applied for a huge grant of land— an area allegedly depopulated by Shaka's savagery. In this newly expanded edition, more than 4,000 articles cover prominent African and African American individuals, events, trends, places, political movements, art forms, businesses, religions, ethnic groups, organizations, countries, and ... He lived in an area of south-east Africa between the Drakensberg and the Indian Ocean, a region populated by many independent Nguni chiefdoms. On his Instagram feed, the champion posted photographs from his visit to . The first Europeans arrived in Port Natal (present-day Durban) in 1824. Shaka ruled with an iron hand from the outset, meting out instant death for the slightest opposition. In 1826, in order to be closer and more accessible to the settlers at Port Natal, Shaka built a large military barracks at Dukuza, (‘the place where one gets lost'). This is more than the other side of a familiar Western story, the Crusades. It is the tale of an extraordinary man, remarkable for his generous and chivalrous ways, a warrior who longed for peace. king. According to Donald Morris, Shaka ordered that no crops should be planted during the following year of mourning, no milk (the basis of the Zulu diet at the time) was to be used, and any woman who became pregnant was to be killed along with her husband. They Are Known For Being Humane. Napier", "The Zulu Military Organization and the Challenge of 1879", "Shaka Zulu's brutality was exaggerated, says new book", "Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808-1879", Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaka&oldid=1042335420, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with style issues from September 2017, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2014, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2017, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2015, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The main force, the "chest," closed with the enemy, While the enemy impi was pinned by the "chest," the "horns" would, The "loins," a large reserve, was hidden, seated, behind the "chest" with their backs to the battle, for the sake of them not losing any confidence. LIMITED OFFER: Get 10 free Shutterstock images - PICK10FREE. On the death of Shaka's father (c. 1816), Dingiswayo lent his young protégé the military support necessary to oust and assassinate his senior brother Sigujana, and make himself chieftain of the Zulu, although he remained a vassal of Dingiswayo. Shaka's reign coincided with the start of the Mfecane/Difaqane ("Upheaval" or "Crushing"), a period of devastating warfare and chaos in southern Africa between 1815 and about 1840 that depopulated the region. hold that popular depictions of Shaka as a suddenly appearing genius creating innovation are overstated, and that to the contrary, Shaka was a borrower and imitator of indigenous methods, customs and even ruler-lineages already in place. Shaka Zulu was the leader of the Zulu kingdom from 1816 to 1828 and was known for his diplomatic responses to political upheaval. Shaka struggles to retain power as challenges at home and from across an ocean threaten his new rule. Morris nevertheless references a large number of sources, including Stuart, and A. T. Bryant's extensive but uneven "Olden Times in Zululand and Natal", which is based on four decades of exhaustive interviews of tribal sources. Zulu fought against the ___of Africa. Numbers of the young women of the kingdom were assembled at the military settlements. Shaka had made enough enemies among his own people to hasten his demise. His mother was Nandi, the daughter of a Langeni chief. This book is part of the Standard Ebooks project, which produces free public domain ebooks. Corrections? The ripple effect caused by these mass migrations would become known (though only in the twentieth century) as the Mfecane/Difaqane (annihilation). Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. King Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c. July 1787 - 22 September 1828), also known as Shaka Zulu (Zulu pronunciation: [ˈʃaːɠa]), was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828. Shaka may be the best known Zulu, but he is not the only legendary Zulu king. The expanding Zulu power inevitably clashed with European hegemony in the decades after Shaka's death. When Senzangakhona (Shaka's father) died in 1816, Shaka's younger half-brother Sigujana assumed power as the legitimate heir to the Zulu chiefdom. [30], Various modern historians writing on Shaka and the Zulu point to the uncertain nature of Fynn and Isaac's accounts of Shaka's reign. John Wright (history professor at University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg), Julian Cobbing and Dan Wylie (Rhodes University, Grahamstown) are among a number of writers who have modified these stories. With Qwabe, Hlubi and Mkhize support, Shaka was finally able to summon a force capable of resisting the Ndwandwe (of the Nxumalo clan). He thus retained his forces intact. It is claimed that Shaka was born into Senzangakhona's household but that the couple were not yet married according to traditional custom. [10] In this way a greater sense of cohesion was created, though it never became complete, as subsequent civil wars attest. In fact, European travellers to Shaka's kingdom demonstrated advanced technology such as firearms and writing, but the Zulu monarch was less than convinced. Shaka's wars between 1818 and 1828 contributed to a series of forced migrations known in various parts of southern Africa as the Mfecane, Difaqane, Lifaqane, or Fetcani. Shaka won them over by subtler tactics, such as patronage and reward. Omer-Cooper's "The Zulu Aftermath", which advances the traditional Mfecane/Difaqane theory.[33]. A biography of the nineteenth-century military genius and Zulu chief. Sigujana's reign was short, however, as Dingiswayo, anxious to confirm his authority, lent Shaka a regiment so that he was able to put Sigujana to death, launching a relatively bloodless coup that was substantially accepted by the Zulu. Between the end of the eighteenth century and 1825, societies on the eastern coastal seaboard of southern Africa underwent a radical and violent political transformation. Daphney Hlomuka, Actress: Soweto Green: This Is a 'Tree' Story. Shaka organised various grades into regiments, and quartered them in special military kraals, with regiments having their own distinctive names and insignia. The famed 19th-century leader of South Africa's Zulus brought tribal factions together for. Shaka's mother was called Nandi, and at that point, she was not a legal wife to Senzangakhona. I'm qualified to answer this question with confidence as I saw him with my own eyes. If a chiefdom resisted, it was conquered and either destroyed or, like the Thembu and Chunu, driven off as landless refugees. SHAKA ZULU. Early in 1828 Shaka sent the impi south in a raid that carried the warriors clear to the borders of the Cape Colony. The Boer Great Trek of the 1830s passed through this area, succeeding only because virtually no one was left to oppose them. He is the long-strided pursuer, son of Ndaba, He is credited with creating a fighting force that devastated the entire region. He then instituted the regimental system based on age groups, quartered at separate kraals (villages) and distinguished by uniform markings on shields and by various combinations of headdress and ornaments. [17] Different coloured shields distinguished different amabutho within Shaka's army. Since Shaka's parents were part of the same clan their marriage violated Zulu customs which caused his parents . He is credited with creating a fighting force that devastated the entire region. He was later assassinated by his own half-brothers. Shaka accorded the white traders most favoured treatment, ceded them land, and permitted them to build a settlement at Port Natal. These numbers are, however, controversial. There was no need to record messages, he held, since his messengers stood under penalty of death should they bear inaccurate tidings. Freed from the restrictions that limited most chiefs, Shaka acted as an undisputed, almighty ruler. Shaka Zulu was the most influential leader of the Zulu Kingdom. However, it is known that when Dingiswayo fought his last battle, Shaka did not arrive at the scene until after his overlord's capture. Because they feared Shaka, leaders like Zwangendaba, Mzilikazi, and Shoshangane moved northwards far into the central African interior and in their turn sowed war and destruction before developing their own kingdoms. Like all the clans, the Zulu were armed with oxhide shields and spindly throwing spears. "... a very useful introduction to the major questions confronting historians of nineteenth-century South Africa. Who pursued the sun and the moon. The Mfecane produced Mzilikazi of the Khumalo, a general of Shaka's. However, apart from their reputation as great military leaders, history has remembered these two men quite differently. Shaka ruled from 1816 till 1828. Nandi and her son sought sanctuary in the Mhlathuze Valley of the Langeni people. [16] Dingane ruled for some twelve years, during which time he fought, disastrously, against the Voortrekkers, and against another half-brother, Mpande, who, with Boer and British support, took over the Zulu leadership in 1840, ruling for some 30 years. According to the diary of Henry Francis Fynn, Dingiswayo's death (c.1818) was the result of Shaka's treachery, though firm testimony of this is lacking. [13] More modern researchers argue that such explanations fall short, and that the general Zulu culture, which included other tribes and clans, contained a number of practices that Shaka could have drawn on to fulfill his objectives, whether in raiding, conquest or hegemony. The couple separated when Shaka was six, and his mother took Shaka back to her clan, where he passed a fatherless boyhood among a people who despised his mother. The initial Zulu maneuvers were primarily defensive, as Shaka preferred to apply pressure diplomatically, with an occasional strategic assassination. Keeping this in consideration, can I wear jeans to Shaka Zulu? Other notable figures to arise from the Mfecane/Difaqane include Soshangane, who expanded from the Zulu area into what is now Mozambique. battle names battles of the Zulu War are usually named by the British after a local hill or river - the Zulus name these battles after the nearest homestead or settlement. Confirmation of such accounts can also be seen in modern archaeology of the village of Lepalong, an entire settlement built underground to shelter remnants of the Kwena people from 1827 to 1836 against the tide of disruption that engulfed the region during Shakan times.[42]. Transgressions were punished by death. Brian Roberts tells the story of the rise and fall of the Zulu dynasty in colourful detail. But it is the first two Kings--the resolute Shaka and the fickle Dingane--who dominate the book. William Rubinstein wrote that "Western guilt over colonialism, have also accounted for much of this distortion of what pre-literate societies actually were like, as does the wish to avoid anything which smacks of racism, even when this means distorting the actual and often appalling facts of life in many pre-literate societies". The cause of this upheaval remains obscure, but an established order of independent chiefdoms collapsed . By means of much drilling and discipline, Shaka built up his forces, which soon became the terror of the land. He was ultimately assassinated by his half brothers Dingane and Mhlangana. Each settlement contained a section of royal women headed by a formidable woman, usually one of Shaka's aunts. Shaka Zulu was founder of the Zulu nation, a born leader and a brilliant general. [17] He was tall and his skin tone was dark brown. If a regiment had the misfortune to be defeated, whether by its own fault or not, it would on its return to headquarters find that a goodly proportion of the wives and children belonging to it had been beaten to death on [Shaka]'s orders, and that he was waiting their arrival to complete his vengeance by dashing out their brains. Some estimate that during his reign Shaka caused the death of more than a million people. Reexamines the history of South Africa, traces the development of apartheid, and describes the anti-apartheid movement Shaka's corpse was dumped by his assassins in an empty grain pit, which was then filled with stones and mud. But, as Adrian Greaves reveals, this was by no means the end of the story. The little known consequences of the division of Zululand, the Boer War, and the 1906 Zulu Rebellion are analyzed in fascinating detail. Having died without an heir, Dingane succeeded him, but Shaka's prophecy haunted him and ever after that, he was wary of white people. His teachings greatly influenced the social outlook of the Zulus. Presents the life and accomplishments of the chief of the Zulu clan who expanded his army from a few hundred rough soldiers to 50,000 invincible warriors. Old chiefdoms vanished and new ones were created. Groups of refugees from Shaka's assaults, first Hlubi and Ngwane clans, later followed by the Mantatees and the Matabele of Mzilikazi, crossed the Drakensberg to the west, smashing chiefdoms in their path. [29] Their accounts may be balanced by the rich resource of oral histories collected around 1900 by the same James Stuart, now published in six volumes as The James Stuart Archive. He was known for issuing a number of military reforms during his reign, for expanding the Zulu Kingdom, and for a number of military reforms. Shaka prohibited the wearing of sandals, toughened his warriors' feet by making them run barefoot over rough thorny ground and in so doing secured their greater mobility. At some point Zwide barely escaped Shaka, though the exact details are not known. Shaka's half-brother, Sigujana, became the new chief but Dingiswayo had other ideas. By 1823 the region was a depopulated ruin of smoking kraals, and the terrified survivors had broken up tribal patterns as far away as the Cape Colony. Fascinated by their ways and their artifacts but convinced that his own civilization was much superior, he permitted them to stay. [20][21] Given the fact that in modern days, untrained individuals participate in Kennedy Marches, where they cover 80 km in 20 hours and in Dodentocht where they walk 100 km in 24 hours, the Zulu claim seem to be realistic for trained warriors. [3], Shaka further refined the ibutho military system and, with the Mthethwa empire's support over the next several years, forged alliances with his smaller neighbours to counter the growing threat from Ndwandwe raids from the north. Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c. 1787 - c. 22 September 1828), also known as Shaka2 Zulu (Zulu pronunciation:[ˈʃaːɠa]), was the most influential leader of the Zulu Kingdom. Robert who has a known High Noble history, and Wallace for having somekind of Nobility(as he was a Knight). In Qwabe, Shaka may have intervened in an existing succession dispute to help his own choice, Nqetho, into power. He reformed the remnants of the Mthethwa and other regional tribes and later defeated Zwide in the Zulu Civil War of 1819–20. [clarification needed] To show his gratitude, Shaka permitted European settlers to enter and operate in the Zulu kingdom. When the Mthethwa forces were defeated and scattered temporarily, the power vacuum was filled by Shaka. Delivery guaranteed [ which? treatment, ceded them land, and Nandi, each. World & # x27 ; s wrong with and gain access to exclusive content was thereafter to be a of! Primarily based on military might, smashing rivals and incorporating scattered remnants into his own choice, Nqetho, power.. [ 4 ] and by some accounts, cruel but also smart. 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