Figure 9-10), even though the population continued to grow. Another aim of the plan is to … Shenzhen, the showcase city of the Pearl River Delta likes to brag it is "the fastest growing city in the fastest growing region of the fastest growing province of the fastest growing country in the world." As one of the first four special economic zones designated by the central government, Zhuhai has since August 1980 enjoyed special policies for stimulating economic growth. Thus the proportion of treated industrial emissions increased from 50 percent in 1986 to 87.2 percent in 1995 in Guangdong Province as a whole, and from 47 percent to about 93.1 percent in the Delta area over the same period. In 1995, for example, the floating population of the Delta made up more than half of the floating population of Guangdong Province ( Shenzhen is Later, when production surpassed local demand and the economy became fully open, local products were not only consumed within the region, but also exported through interregional, interprovincial, and international trade. World Population Growth Visualized (1950-2100) In any large set of data, there are bound to be some interesting outliers. Farming thus still played a dominant role. This paper estimates econometric models of the socioeconomic drivers of land use change in the Pearl River Delta, China. Because most of the farmland and urban areas are situated in the flatlands of the region, it is logical to conclude that most of the expansion of urban areas has taken place at the expense of farmland. First, grains and vegetables were being increasingly fed to animals to produce meat and other animal-related products such as milk. In this regard, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Foshan, and other parts of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone have been at the forefront of private sector development in China. As for urban growth, the urban area of the special economic zone of Shenzhen, for example, increased from only 2.9 square kilometers in 1979 to 84 square kilometers in 1994. Smaller increases in the permanent population were evident during 1970–1980, until a one-child policy, launched in the early 1980s, led to a decline in birth rates nationwide. Half of the area is covered with lateritic red soil (udic andisols) and 38.55 percent with paddy soil (stagnic anthrosols) (Lu Faxi, 1988; Guangdong Institute of Soil Science, 1988). Four times as many, the population growth of the entire Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration has reached four times that of the New York Bay area. Meanwhile, the portion of farmland devoted to grain crops in four counties of Guangdong Province fell from 1978 to 1988 ( The difference between a member of the floating population and a migrant is that the member of the floating population does not change his or her household registration and the migrant does. SOURCE: The Forty Years of Ji'an Prefecture, Ji'an Prefecture Statistics, 1988. At present, the Pearl Delta cities have a combined GDP of around $1.5 trillion, roughly equal to San Francisco Bay or South Korea. A densely populated region in southeastern China, the Pearl River Delta has undergone dramatic changes in its population, land use, and environmental quality, stemming from its rapid economic development and urbanization. The region's GDP grew from just over US$8 billion in 1980 to more than US$89 billion in 2000 and nearly US$221.2 billion in 2005. Additional research findings on the process of land use change emerged from an examination of historical records and physical background information. ~ enlarge ~ Figure. This development stemmed in part from rising incomes and in. When the “baby boomers” of the 1960s reached employment age in 1980s, the result was a large number of surplus agricultural laborers. Introduction. GDP growth of the Pearl River Delta in mainland China 2009-2019 Published by C. Textor , Oct 21, 2020 SOURCE: 1% Sampling Census of 1995 in Guangdong. Shenzhen became a leader in terms of foreign exchange markets, operation of foreign banks, land reforms, and stock market development. . FIGURE 9-3 Crude birth rate, China, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen City, and Zhuhai City, 1979–1994. Table 9-1). SOURCES: Urban/built-up: data for 1973 and 1995 are from Landsat images; data for 1982 and 1990 are from field surveys. Located in the subtropical monsoon zone, the region has an annual average temperature of 22°C, annual precipitation of 1,714 millimeters, and annual sunshine of 1,990-2,300 hours. NOTE: Total population includes only persons registered in the Pearl River Delta and excludes the floating population registered in other places. . For example, in the urban areas of Guangzhou City per capita consumption of vegetables decreased, but the amount of farmland devoted to vegetable crops increased substantially in the suburbs because large portions of the crops were used to feed pigs, ducks, chickens, milk goats, milk cows, and many other animals. NOTES: (1) Total growth rate (percent) is computed as the difference of the indices between 1995 and 1990 divided by the index in 1990 and multiplied by 100; (2) total population includes floating population and permanent residents; (3) index of seawater pollution at the junction of river and sea for five other municipalities includes only Guangzhou and Shenzhen. This legislation not only strictly defines what is forbidden in order to prevent pollution, but also explicitly states what must be done to protect the environment—for example, the standards that must be met for drinking water, Industrial + agricultural prodn., average 1990–1995, Residents' bank balances, average 1990–1995, Annual growth rate of permanent residents, 1980–1995 (percent), Annual growth rate of total population, 1986–1995 (percent), Decrease in farmland per capita, 1986–1995 (percent), Wastewater per capita, average 1990–1994 (tonnes), Air emissions per capita, average 1990–1994 (cubic meters), Waste residue per capita, average 1990–1994 (tonnes), Index of seawater pollution at junction of river and sea, average 1991–1995. India's Urban Population Growth Is Mostly Driven By Migration India Has Been Urbanizing Rapidly In The Period Between 2000 And 2020 India Has A Primate Urban System Indian Cities Have Weak Municipal Governments Which Province Is The Major Destination For Migrants In China? 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You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. The Forty Years of Guangdong. The Pearl River Delta region has a very different pattern of growth compared to other fast-growing cities in China. SOURCES: Statistical Yearbooks of Dongguan and Shenzhen (various years). Today, the Pearl River Delta's GDP clocks in at over $1.2 trillion, ahead of countries like Mexico and Indonesia, making it the 15th largest economy in the world. Before 1978, environmental quality in the Delta area was fairly good because of the relatively small size of the population and low industrialization levels. The answer is “not necessarily” based on a comparative analysis of Zhuhai and the other five municipalities that, with Zhuhai, make up the Pearl River Delta. . The Pearl River Delta Greater Bay has led with the highest population growth by resident and Hukou among major metropolitan areas. NOTE: According to China's land classification system, garden land is planted in perennial crops such as orchard crops and tea; farmland is used to produce grain, vegetables, and cash crops; and forestland is devoted to cultivated and natural forests. 5–30 If the enterprise then passes the environmental protection examination at the end of the year, the sum is returned along with an additional financial reward. Lu Faxi. The temporary population needs space for housing which in turn requires expansion of the urban infrastructure into the surrounding farmland. Stimulated by those favorable policies, township enterprises developed rapidly in the Pearl River Delta, and today they account for a large percentage of the total economic growth ( Soil acidification in the Pearl River Delta declined after a peak in 1980. Figure 9-3). SOURCES: Selected Statistical Yearbooks for subregions of Pearl River Delta, 1980–1995. 4. Greening built-up areas in Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) city clusters. tied to declines in grassland, because most of the grassland, gardens, and forests are located on mountain slopes and hillsides. Ma Xia. At the close of the 20th century, Hong Kong was the undisputed economic powerhouse of the region. Over the next 13 years, however, the proportion of farmland dropped, to 17.6 percent of total land area in 1995. The explosive growth the Pearl River Delta has upended the regional balance of power. THE "Pearl River Delta" concept was proposed in the early 1990s for the first urban agglomeration in China. FIGURE 9-11 Per capita open space and parkland, Guangzhou City, 1990–1995. Indeed, the government implemented special policies to foster housing development. 1988 level of Guangdong. The new economic policy put in place for the Pearl River Delta and the corresponding loosening of the regulations for migration provided opportunities that attracted a large floating population. In the Delta area it mainly reflects rice production. The result was development of a special policy for the floating population. It has been the most economically dynamic region of the Chinese Mainland since the launch of China's reform program in 1979. Looking at the Pearl River Delta from a global perspective and through an historical lens, what is now occurring there is similar to the industrial transformation that occurred 30 years ago in Japan. The Pearl River Delta climate is a humid sub-tropical climate with an average annual temperature of 23°C. This gave rise to the creation of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, as well as development of a land lease system and some privatization of housing. SOURCES: Selected Statistical Yearbooks for subregions of Pearl River Delta, 1980–1995. . One or two environmental managers are appointed in every village and enterprise. Chapter 8. The total permanent population of the Delta region has grown at a substantially faster rate than populations elsewhere in China ( The Pearl River Delta grew from 4,500 square kilometres in 2000 to nearly 7,000 sq km in 2010, the analysis found. By 2050, the global population is expected to soar to 9.7 billion, with 68% of the population living in urban areas. Finding 5: The urbanization policy adopted in the Pearl River Delta alleviated to some extent the population pressures on urban areas by encouraging the rapid development of small towns so they could absorb many of the surplus rural laborers who otherwise would have settled in the larger urban centers. According to the latest report from the United Nations (UN), the global population in 2018 was 7.6 billion and the urban population was 4.2 billion. From 1950 to 1995, farmland in the Delta region dropped from 550,000 hectares to 310,000 hectares. Three indicators of urbanization are used here to describe the process in the Pearl River Delta. ~ enlarge ~ The abundance of employment … Introduction to the Tri-Academy Project, 4. The township population in Guangdong Province grew from 6.88 million in 1985 to 40.80 million in 1990, almost a sixfold increase. Table 9-2 experienced high population growth. Under the farmyard manure regime fertility and soil quality improved. Thus this indicator can be said to underestimate the true level of urbanization in the Delta. Basic Data of China's Population. By 2015, according to World Bank figures, it had become the world's largest urban area in both size and population. 340 cities (40.4%) from upper-middle-income countries (e.g. SOURCES: Urban/built-up: data for 1973 and 1995 are from Landsat images; data for 1982 and 1990 are from field surveys. In this study, we introduce the concept of economic resilience to analyse urban growth and shrinkage in the context of a rapidly-urbanising region. In addition, two detailed surveys of land use in the Pearl River Delta dating from 1982 and 1990 were available. It is responsible for 26.8% of the country’s exports, making it third in trade after the United States and Germany, according to the Yearbook. At the same time, there was significant growth in smaller urban areas. Treating the Pearl River Delta as … The Pearl River Delta (PRD), one of the most representative areas of rapid urbanization in China, is characterized by export-oriented economy and “exo-urbanization.” Induced by the financial crisis of 2008, new spatial symptoms related to urban shrinkage, such as factory collapses, job losses, and vacant dwellings, were observed in this area. Among them, the increased population growth and wealth resulting from rising production and trade caused a significant change in the regional housing structure. The science academies of the three most populous countries have joined forces in an unprecedented effort to understand the linkage between population growth and land-use change, and its implications for the future. In addition, paper manufacturing poses one of the greatest pollution threats, and wooden furniture manufacturing results in significant loss of local forests. With the socioeconomic reforms beginning in 1978, Hong Kong's investments in and influence on the study area increased dramatically. Assessment and District Division of Soil Resource Utilization of Agriculture in Pearl River Delta. The data used. The first is the proportion of population living within the boundaries of cities and towns. Growing Populations, Changing Landscapes explains how disparate government policies with unintended consequences and globalization effects that link local land-use changes to consumption patterns and labor policies in distant countries can be far more influential than simple numerical population increases. But since the mid-1980s, in-migration, accelerating industrialization, and land use change have led to obvious environmental degradation. In Guangzhou, known as the “dragon head” of economic development in Pearl River Delta and the whole of China as well, the municipal government allocates a portion of its large fiscal budget to the development and maintenance of green space—lawns, parks, artificial lakes, and squares ( The Pan Pearl River Delta (PPRD) Regional Co‐operation Framework Agreement was signed in 2004. SOURCE: Statistical Yearbook of Guangdong, 1996. Various landforms are found in the Delta: wetland, estuary, lowland, plain, dryland, and upland hills. In the 1980s, increases in agricultural productivity, accompanied by the coming of age of the population surge of the 1960s, resulted in an influx of larger numbers of young surplus agricultural laborers into the Pearl River Delta. As rosy as the picture is, the big Wow on this trip was learning how China’s Pearl River Delta region (PRD) is outpacing the rest of the country in terms of economic growth and innovation. The population growth rate was particularly high between 1985 and 2000, and the average population growth rate between 1990 and 1995 was 38.0%. There are two opposing trends in urban development: one is the exponential growth of cities and the other is shrinking cities,” which are characterized by a decrease in number of residents. 1. average growth of 7.9% in 2015, and growth to 2020 is targeted at 7% annually. The permanent population of Zhuhai is only 600,000; the other municipalities range in population from more than 1 million to several million. 1997 This study used multiple time-series data for the years 1950–1995 at the regional (entire study area) and subregional levels. In the 1990s this population was estimated to be 100 million a year. This rapid population growth and the government policies for development of the region that inspired them have served as key forces driving. Table 9-3). FIGURE 9-10 Per capita residential floor space, Guangzhou City, 1965–1995. Farmland data from Statistical Yearbooks from every city. Zhuhai greatly benefits from being a special economic zone, whereas of the other municipalities, only Shenzhen benefits from that special status. Field observations suggest that Zhuhai's better performance in environmental protection was the result of several policy commitments. Basic Data of China's Population. 1995 But an indirect result has been a sharp increase in population, attracted by a growing economy and protected environment. In 1979, the Central Government of the People's Republic of China announced that Guangdong Province would be allowed to follow less restrictive economic policies and would be permitted to set up three Special Economic Zones (SEZs), including two in the Pearl River Delta, Shenzhen and Zhuhai. 340 cities (40.4%) from upper-middle-income countries (e.g. Finding 2: In the Pearl River Delta changes in consumption levels caused by the economic growth have led to changes in land use in cities and changes in crop production in rural areas. In 2018, cities in the highest quarter of greenness range accommodated only 12% of the total city population; about 69% of the total population lived in areas with a lower greenness. When the special economic zones were first established, the majority of the new businesses that settled in Shenzhen and Zhuhai were Hong Kong-and Macao-based enterprises drawn to the zones to take advantage of, among many other things, the abundance of low-wage labor and the customs-free industrial environment. Beijing: China Population Press; Statistical Yearbooks for Shenzhen and Zhuhai. Even for a nation known for eye-popping rates of urbanization, what has happened along China’s Pearl River Delta … By the mid–1990s this measure had stabilized the growth of the floating population, although some undocumented migrants remained in the city. In 2018, cities in the highest quarter of greenness range accommodated only 12% of the total city population; about 69% of the total population lived in areas with a lower greenness. Figure 9-4). For example, the per capita floor space in Guangzhou City remained constant from 1965 to 1980, at only 3–4 square meters. As a result, Shenzhen saw its floating population grow from 10,000 in 1980 to 600,000 in 1989. Various economic reform policies since 1978—including the establishment of special economic zones, a favorable investment environment, and favorable regulations—have fostered the emergence and growth of the region's manufacturing base and export-oriented economy. Pearl River Delta: China’s Biggest Economic Hub. The 2008-20 plan, released by China's National Development and Reform Commission, is designed to boost the pan-Pearl River Delta as a "center of advanced manufacturing and modern service industries", and as a "center for international shipping, logistics, trade, conferences and exhibitions and tourism". NOTE: Grain yield per unit farmland is a weighted average of various grains. FIGURE 9-4 Net migration rate, Pearl River Delta, 1980–1994. The area experiences heavy rainfall during the monsoon months between April and September with annual rainfall of about 1,700 millimeters an… The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone is also a highly attractive consumer market. Finally, the government has strictly prohibited any transfer of polluting factories from Hong Kong and Macao to the suburban and rural areas of Zhuhai. Living standards in the area improved substantially, leading to a rise in overall consumption levels and changes in consumption patterns. Impact of urbanization and delayed childbearing on population growth and aging in China. 2020 Mar;64(3):501-512. doi: 10.1007/s00484-019-01837-4. At the same time, there was significant growth in smaller urban areas. In fact, just prior to the handover from the United Kingdom to China, the city’s economic output was equal to a quarter of China’s entire GDP. In 1978 per capita grain consumption in urban areas of Ghangdong Province was 176 kilograms, falling to 88 kilograms by 1995 (see As this study found in the municipality of Zhuhai, government policies can significantly ameliorate pollution levels. Goals include the development of two to three new cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the development of 10 new multinational firms, and expansion of road, rail, seaport and airport capacities by 2020. Recognizing the importance of these linkages can be a significant step toward more effective environmental management. fell into two categories: official statistics and independent survey data. Approach on macro distribution of ecological environment of Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. In Southern China, the Pearl River Delta is giving rise to an urban super-power in the first rank. Since the onset of China's reform program, the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone has been the fastest growing portion of the fastest growing province in the fastest growing large economy in the world. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. Gender Dimensions of the Relationship between Population and Land Use in the Indian States of Kerala and Haryana, 9. : 1 % Sampling Census of 1995 in Guangdong Province, and Zhuhai City, 1979–1994 acidification in the Mainland... Determinants of economic resilience in the process in the Pearl River Delta from! Consumer market most economically dynamic region of the distribution system and encouragement of a rapidly-urbanising region context. Agricultural machinery per hectare of farmland, Dongguan and Shenzhen ( various years ) this... 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