http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.25, Absorbs nutrients and water; delivers nutrients (except most lipids) to liver for processing by hepactic portal vein; provides nutrients essential for hematopoiesis and building hemoglobin, Delivers hormones: atrial natriuretic hormone (peptide) secreted by the heart atrial cells to help regulate blood volumes and pressures; epinephrine, ANH, angiotensin II, ADH, and thyroxine to help regulate blood pressure; estrogen to promote vascular health in women and men, Carries clotting factors, platelets, and white blood cells for homeostatis, fighting infection, and reparing damage; regulates temperature by controlling blood flow to the surface, where heat can be dissipated; provides some coloration of integument; acts as a blood reservoir, Transports various white blood cells, including those produced by lymphatic tissue, and immugoglobulins (antibodies) throughout the body to maintain health; carries excess tissue fluid not able to be reabsorbed by the vascular capillaries back to the lymphatic system for processing, Provides nutrients and oxygen for contraction; removes lactic acid and distributes heat generated by contraction; muscular pumps aid in venous return; exercise contributes to cardiovascular health and helps to prevent atherosclerosis, Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within choroid plexuses; contributes to blood–brain barrier; cardiac and vasomotor centers regulate cardiac output and blood flow through vessels via autonomic system, Aids in erection of genetalia in both sexes during sexual arousal; transports gonadotropic hormones that regulate reproductive functions, Provides blood for critical exchange of gases to carry oxygen needed for metabolic reactions and carbon dioxide generated as byproducts of these processes, Provides calcium, phosphate, and other minerals critical for bone matrix; transports hormones regulating buildup and absorption of matrix including growth hormone (somatotropin), thyroid hormone, calcitonins, and parathyroid hormone; erythropoietin stimulates myeloid cell hematopoiesis; some level of protection for select vessels by bony structures, Delivers 20 percent of resting circulation to kidneys for filtering, reabsorption of useful products, and secretion of excesses; regulates blood volume and pressure by regulating fluid loss in the form of urine and by releasing the enzyme renin that is essential in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, Single large vessel exiting the right ventricle that divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries, Left and right vessels that form from the pulmonary trunk and lead to smaller arterioles and eventually to the pulmonary capillaries, Two sets of paired vessels—one pair on each side—that are formed from the small venules, leading away from the pulmonary capillaries to flow into the left atrium, Largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle and descending to the abdominal region, where it bifurcates into the common iliac arteries at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra; arteries originating from the aorta distribute blood to virtually all tissues of the body, Initial portion of the aorta, rising superiorly from the left ventricle for a distance of approximately 5 cm, Graceful arc to the left that connects the ascending aorta to the descending aorta; ends at the intervertebral disk between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae, Portion of the aorta that continues inferiorly past the end of the aortic arch; subdivided into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta, Portion of the descending aorta superior to the aortic hiatus, Portion of the aorta inferior to the aortic hiatus and superior to the common iliac arteries, Single vessel located on the right side of the body; the first vessel branching from the aortic arch; gives rise to the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery; supplies blood to the head, neck, upper limb, and wall of the thoracic region, The right subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery while the left subclavian artery arises from the aortic arch; gives rise to the internal thoracic, vertebral, and thyrocervical arteries; supplies blood to the arms, chest, shoulders, back, and central nervous system, Also called the mammary artery; arises from the subclavian artery; supplies blood to the thymus, pericardium of the heart, and anterior chest wall, Arises from the subclavian artery and passes through the vertebral foramen through the foramen magnum to the brain; joins with the internal carotid artery to form the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain and spinal cord, Arises from the subclavian artery; supplies blood to the thyroid, the cervical region, the upper back, and shoulder, The right common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery and the left common carotid artery arises from the aortic arch; each gives rise to the external and internal carotid arteries; supplies the respective sides of the head and neck, Arises from the common carotid artery; supplies blood to numerous structures within the face, lower jaw, neck, esophagus, and larynx, Arises from the common carotid artery and begins with the carotid sinus; goes through the carotid canal of the temporal bone to the base of the brain; combines with the branches of the vertebral artery, forming the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain, An anastomosis located at the base of the brain that ensures continual blood supply; formed from the branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries; supplies blood to the brain, Arises from the internal carotid artery; supplies blood to the frontal lobe of the cerebrum, Another branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies blood to the temporal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum, Branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies blood to the eyes, An anastomosis of the right and left internal carotid arteries; supplies blood to the brain, Branches of the posterior cerebral artery that form part of the posterior portion of the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain, Branch of the basilar artery that forms a portion of the posterior segment of the arterial circle of Willis; supplies blood to the posterior portion of the cerebrum and brain stem, Formed from the fusion of the two vertebral arteries; sends branches to the cerebellum, brain stem, and the posterior cerebral arteries; the main blood supply to the brain stem, A group of arterial branches of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the viscera (i.e., organs) of the thorax, Systemic branch from the aorta that provides oxygenated blood to the lungs; this blood supply is in addition to the pulmonary circuit that brings blood for oxygenation, Branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the pericardium, Branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the esophagus, Branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the mediastinum, Also called somatic branches, a group of arterial branches of the thoracic aorta; include those that supply blood to the thoracic wall, vertebral column, and the superior surface of the diaphragm, Branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the muscles of the thoracic cavity and vertebral column, Branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the superior surface of the diaphragm, Also called the celiac artery; a major branch of the abdominal aorta; gives rise to the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery that forms the hepatic artery to the liver, the right gastric artery to the stomach, and the cystic artery to the gall bladder, Branch of the celiac trunk; supplies blood to the stomach, Branch of the celiac trunk; supplies blood to the spleen, Branch of the celiac trunk that forms the hepatic artery, the right gastric artery, and the cystic artery, Branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies systemic blood to the liver, Branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies blood to the stomach, Branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies blood to the gall bladder, Branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), the pancreas, and a majority of the large intestine, Branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the distal segment of the large intestine and rectum, Branches of the abdominal aorta; supply blood to the inferior surface of the diaphragm, Branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the adrenal (suprarenal) glands, Branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies each kidney, Branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the gonads or reproductive organs; also described as ovarian arteries or testicular arteries, depending upon the sex of the individual, Branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to ovary, uterine (Fallopian) tube, and uterus, Branch of the abdominal aorta; ultimately travels outside the body cavity to the testes and forms one component of the spermatic cord, Branches of the abdominal aorta; supply blood to the lumbar region, the abdominal wall, and spinal cord, Branch of the aorta that leads to the internal and external iliac arteries, Continuation of the aorta into the sacrum, Branch from the common iliac arteries; supplies blood to the urinary bladder, walls of the pelvis, external genitalia, and the medial portion of the femoral region; in females, also provides blood to the uterus and vagina, Branch of the common iliac artery that leaves the body cavity and becomes a femoral artery; supplies blood to the lower limbs, Continuation of the subclavian artery as it penetrates the body wall and enters the axillary region; supplies blood to the region near the head of the humerus (humeral circumflex arteries); the majority of the vessel continues into the brachium and becomes the brachial artery, Continuation of the axillary artery in the brachium; supplies blood to much of the brachial region; gives off several smaller branches that provide blood to the posterior surface of the arm in the region of the elbow; bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the coronoid fossa, Formed at the bifurcation of the brachial artery; parallels the radius; gives off smaller branches until it reaches the carpal region where it fuses with the ulnar artery to form the superficial and deep palmar arches; supplies blood to the lower arm and carpal region, Formed at the bifurcation of the brachial artery; parallels the ulna; gives off smaller branches until it reaches the carpal region where it fuses with the radial artery to form the superficial and deep palmar arches; supplies blood to the lower arm and carpal region, Formed from anastomosis of the radial and ulnar arteries; supply blood to the hand and digital arteries, Formed from the superficial and deep palmar arches; supply blood to the digits, Continuation of the external iliac artery after it passes through the body cavity; divides into several smaller branches, the lateral deep femoral artery, and the genicular artery; becomes the popliteal artery as it passes posterior to the knee, Branch of the femoral artery; gives rise to the lateral circumflex arteries, Branch of the deep femoral artery; supplies blood to the deep muscles of the thigh and the ventral and lateral regions of the integument, Branch of the femoral artery; supplies blood to the region of the knee, Continuation of the femoral artery posterior to the knee; branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries, Branches from the popliteal artery; supplies blood to the anterior tibial region; becomes the dorsalis pedis artery, Forms from the anterior tibial artery; branches repeatedly to supply blood to the tarsal and dorsal regions of the foot, Branches from the popliteal artery and gives rise to the fibular or peroneal artery; supplies blood to the posterior tibial region, Arises from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries; supplies blood to the medial plantar surfaces of the foot, Arises from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries; supplies blood to the lateral plantar surfaces of the foot, Formed from the anastomosis of the dorsalis pedis artery and the medial and plantar arteries; branches supply the distal portions of the foot and digits, Large systemic vein; drains blood from most areas superior to the diaphragm; empties into the right atrium, Located deep in the thoracic cavity; formed by the axillary vein as it enters the thoracic cavity from the axillary region; drains the axillary and smaller local veins near the scapular region and leads to the brachiocephalic vein, Pair of veins that form from a fusion of the external and internal jugular veins and the subclavian vein; subclavian, external and internal jugulars, vertebral, and internal thoracic veins flow into it; drain the upper thoracic region and lead to the superior vena cava, Arises from the base of the brain and the cervical region of the spinal cord; passes through the intervertebral foramina in the cervical vertebrae; drains smaller veins from the cranium, spinal cord, and vertebrae, and leads to the brachiocephalic vein; counterpart of the vertebral artery, Also called internal mammary veins; drain the anterior surface of the chest wall and lead to the brachiocephalic vein, Drains the muscles of the thoracic wall and leads to the azygos vein, Drains the inferior portions of the esophagus and leads to the azygos vein, Drains the systemic circulation from the lungs and leads to the azygos vein, Originates in the lumbar region and passes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity on the right side of the vertebral column; drains blood from the intercostal veins, esophageal veins, bronchial veins, and other veins draining the mediastinal region, and leads to the superior vena cava, Smaller vein complementary to the azygos vein; drains the esophageal veins from the esophagus and the left intercostal veins, and leads to the brachiocephalic vein via the superior intercostal vein, Parallel to the common carotid artery, which is more or less its counterpart, and passes through the jugular foramen and canal; primarily drains blood from the brain, receives the superficial facial vein, and empties into the subclavian vein, Drains blood from the temporal region and flows into the external jugular vein, Drains blood from the maxillary region and flows into the external jugular vein, Drains blood from the more superficial portions of the head, scalp, and cranial regions, and leads to the subclavian vein, Enlarged vein located midsagittally between the meningeal and periosteal layers of the dura mater within the falx cerebri; receives most of the blood drained from the superior surface of the cerebrum and leads to the inferior jugular vein and the vertebral vein, Receives most of the smaller vessels from the inferior cerebral veins and leads to the straight sinus, Enlarged vein that drains blood from the brain; receives most of the blood from the great cerebral vein and leads to the left or right transverse sinus, Enlarged vein that receives blood from most of the other cerebral veins and the eye socket, and leads to the petrosal sinus, Enlarged vein that receives blood from the cavernous sinus and leads into the internal jugular veins, Enlarged vein that drains the occipital region near the falx cerebelli and leads to the left and right transverse sinuses, and also the vertebral veins, Pair of enlarged veins near the lambdoid suture that drains the occipital, sagittal, and straight sinuses, and leads to the sigmoid sinuses, Enlarged vein that receives blood from the transverse sinuses and leads through the jugular foramen to the internal jugular vein, Drain the digits and lead to the palmar arches of the hand and dorsal venous arch of the foot, Drain the hand and digits, and lead to the radial vein, ulnar veins, and the median antebrachial vein, Vein that parallels the radius and radial artery; arises from the palmar venous arches and leads to the brachial vein, Vein that parallels the ulna and ulnar artery; arises from the palmar venous arches and leads to the brachial vein, Deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and ulnar veins in the lower arm; leads to the axillary vein, Vein that parallels the ulnar vein but is more medial in location; intertwines with the palmar venous arches; leads to the basilic vein, Superficial vein of the arm that arises from the median antebrachial vein, intersects with the median cubital vein, parallels the ulnar vein, and continues into the upper arm; along with the brachial vein, it leads to the axillary vein, Superficial vessel located in the antecubital region that links the cephalic vein to the basilic vein in the form of a v; a frequent site from which to draw blood, Superficial vessel in the upper arm; leads to the axillary vein, Drains blood from the subscapular region and leads to the axillary vein, The major vein in the axillary region; drains the upper limb and becomes the subclavian vein, Large systemic vein that drains blood from areas largely inferior to the diaphragm; empties into the right atrium, Series of veins that drain the lumbar portion of the abdominal wall and spinal cord; the ascending lumbar veins drain into the azygos vein on the right or the hemiazygos vein on the left; the remaining lumbar veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava, Largest vein entering the inferior vena cava; drains the kidneys and flows into the inferior vena cava, Drains the adrenal or suprarenal; the right adrenal vein enters the inferior vena cava directly and the left adrenal vein enters the left renal vein, Drains the testes and forms part of the spermatic cord; the right testicular vein empties directly into the inferior vena cava and the left testicular vein empties into the left renal vein, Drains the ovary; the right ovarian vein empties directly into the inferior vena cava and the left ovarian vein empties into the left renal vein, Generic term for a vein draining a reproductive organ; may be either an ovarian vein or a testicular vein, depending on the sex of the individual, Drains the diaphragm; the right phrenic vein flows into the inferior vena cava and the left phrenic vein empties into the left renal vein, Drains systemic blood from the liver and flows into the inferior vena cava, Drain the foot and flow into the plantar venous arch, Drains blood from digital veins and vessels on the superior surface of the foot, Formed from the plantar veins; flows into the anterior and posterior tibial veins through anastomoses, Formed from the dorsal venous arch; drains the area near the tibialis anterior muscle and flows into the popliteal vein, Formed from the dorsal venous arch; drains the area near the posterior surface of the tibia and flows into the popliteal vein, Drains the muscles and integument near the fibula and flows into the popliteal vein, Located on the lateral surface of the leg; drains blood from the superficial regions of the lower leg and foot, and flows into the popliteal vein, Drains the region behind the knee and forms from the fusion of the fibular, anterior, and posterior tibial veins; flows into the femoral vein, Prominent surface vessel located on the medial surface of the leg and thigh; drains the superficial portions of these areas and flows into the femoral vein, Drains blood from the deeper portions of the thigh and flows into the femoral vein, Forms a loop around the femur just inferior to the trochanters; drains blood from the areas around the head and neck of the femur; flows into the femoral vein, Drains the upper leg; receives blood from the great saphenous vein, the deep femoral vein, and the femoral circumflex vein; becomes the external iliac vein when it crosses the body wall, Formed when the femoral vein passes into the body cavity; drains the legs and flows into the common iliac vein, Drains the pelvic organs and integument; formed from several smaller veins in the region; flows into the common iliac vein, Drains the sacral region and flows into the left common iliac vein, Flows into the inferior vena cava at the level of L5; the left common iliac vein drains the sacral region; formed from the union of the external and internal iliac veins near the inferior portion of the sacroiliac joint, Identify the vessels through which blood travels within the pulmonary circuit, beginning from the right ventricle of the heart and ending at the left atrium, Create a flow chart showing the major systemic arteries through which blood travels from the aorta and its major branches, to the most significant arteries feeding into the right and left upper and lower limbs, Create a flow chart showing the major systemic veins through which blood travels from the feet to the right atrium of the heart. Diagram of the retinal vasculature around the fovea in the rhesus monkey derived from more than 80 microscope fields. All blood exits the liver via the hepatic vein, which delivers the blood to the inferior vena cava. This is an example of an anastomosis. The vertebral veins also flow into the brachiocephalic veins. Found inside – Page 319(By courtesy of D Talwar) 15 A B A B C Locate retinal breaks Flowchart ... vascular membrane to improve the blood supply to oxygen-deprived retinal tissue. The anterior tibial vein drains the area near the tibialis anterior muscle and combines with the posterior tibial vein and the fibular vein to form the popliteal vein. Here the ganglion cells are piled into six layers so making this area, called the foveal rim or parafovea (Polyak, 1941), the thickest portion of the entire retina. Other organs in your head, such as your eyes, also require a steady supply of oxygen-rich blood to work well. 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